Bananas

First, an overview

Bananas originated in South East Asia, namely South East Asia, Malaysia and China region. China, Yunnan, Guangdong and Hainan, Fujian, southeastern Tibet, and the wildlife found in the distribution of bananas. Banana is one of the world's oldest cultivated fruit trees, away in 3000 and 4000 years ago and found in Greece 4000 years ago has written historical records. Bananas in the current development was rapid in the world, particularly in the east and west of latitude 30 degrees north and the southern hemisphere tropics and subtropics, located in a few north 30 degrees outside. Banana cultivation in all parts of the world more than 120 countries and regions, including the major producing areas of Central and South America and Asia.

 

Banana is a tropical fruit is important in Guangxi, Guangxi fruit production plays an important role. Amounted to 15,333 hectares in 1991 to the year, representing a 4.45%;; the cultivation of 10,000 hectares in 1990, accounting for the total area of ​​fruit growing regional reach 3.29% to 23,406 hectares in 1992, which represents 5.96%. Production reached 179,600 tons in 1990 respectively 1992, 327 000 494 800 tons and tons, total production of fruit in the autonomous region are represented 17.02%, 26.78% and 33.21%. The value of banana production (calculated on the basis of the purchase price in the market) in 1990 to 143.68 million yuan in 1991 to 261.6 million yuan in 1992 to 395.84 million yuan. Achieved a production of bananas social benefits (such as post-harvest handling and packaging, handling, and distribution of goods, all kinds of taxes, etc.) in terms of the value of output, respectively, and 1.4 billion yuan and 260 million yuan and 3.9 billion pounds, and banana production total in Guangxi and the economic benefits of $ 287 million 0.5230000000 yuan and 791 million people. World banana trade around 10 million tonnes in 1990, the FOB in the world banana: Hamburg, Germany (provided by the Central American countries) is 750 U.S. dollars / ton, New York (provided by the Central and South American countries) for $ 566 / t, and Japan (which provided by the Philippines) and 537 U.S. dollars / ton, and France (by horse and ports were the former in 1991, over 665 U.S. dollars / ton $ 0.572 / t, and supplies Martini g) for 944 U.S. dollars / ton 0.567 U.S. dollars / ton and 1064 $ / ton. China's exports of bananas, and Taiwan in the main, the best-selling in Japan; provinces of the mainland because the more backward and farming techniques are not standardized, post-harvest handling, packaging, storage and sales is very backward, and thus export very little from two to three decades, and the future on the stage in the grow if planted in early mobilization to break bud, and attention to fertilizer and water management, pest control, harvesting, and mats mining to focus on light and the field off the comb, and cut treatment for erosion of the hair, and packaging cardboard, storage and transport is expected to be low temperature (15 ℃ ) conditions and to be up to export standards and outside the country, and a decline in the international market.

Second, the biological characteristics

Although it can be grown in tropical banana fruit throughout the tropics, and can be grown in tropical regions in South Asia, but does not mean the ability to adapt on a large scale. In fact the banana on the climatic conditions and soil requirements are very sensitive, and temperature, especially, are charged in many cases, high yields and quality of bananas, especially in the production of large-scale, it should be referred to intensive farming.

1, and the temperature

The bananas in the form of long-term conditions of high heat and humidity of the settlement domesticated, and the requirements of a given temperature. Become a growth temperature limit bananas and eco-development is an important factor. Bananas at a temperature of 15.5 ~ 35 ℃ can grow in the regions, to 24 ~ 32 ℃ temperature is more appropriate. Through the process of growth and development in the banana as long as 超过 24 ℃, and can shorten the period of growing bananas, banana, access to high quality. In the banana-producing areas in China to the south of Hainan Province, and the fruit of the banana-producing areas to produce the best quality. Mainly in the length of the fruit, fruit full body inflation, maturity effects of skin color is bright yellow, shiny bright, good quality and flavor. Although bananas hello hot but the temperature exceed 35 ℃ not the growth of bananas, and when the temperature is above 37 ℃, banana leaves and fruit of the disease appear sunburn damage.

Bananas are very sensitive frost cold, when the temperature is 10 ~ 12 ℃, and the plants grow slowly, and leaves, and fruit injury scary slightly, and when the temperature dropped to 5 ℃ damage the cold when the leaves appear; 2.5 ℃ when the leaves affected; 0-1 ℃ when plants died. Determined mainly banana chilling frost and cold affect the speed and duration of the cold frost. Such as temperature or low temperature decreased significantly over a long period, accompanied by rain, and when the bananas suffer very serious, such as the temperature is low, and a short time, even at low temperature ~ 4 ℃ frozen to death only banana leaves instead of having false rotting leg and die. In addition, the growth of different types of bananas, banana from different devices in different stages of a negative reaction from the injury is not the same. Bananas from banana powder and banana, cold and poor, young leaves and fruits groups; does not grow a plant suckers most of the cold, and inject some bud or bud pumping station, the most vulnerable; plants strong and the potential health the highest level of management and injury scary relatively mild Park bananas. Low temperatures in winter in southern China strictly restricts the development of banana production. Thus, should the winter be selected cold frost Regional Development varieties of banana choose, cold or cold conditions, environmental and the importance of improving the health of plants, to enhance the low temperature before the commencement of cultivation of cold to the victims of banana trees and groves banana immediately to deal with repercussions of the war.

2 and water

Banana trees and large grassy plants, juice, and a high content of water of different devices, leaves large and strong transpiration, supergene root water use is weak, and likes moist to avoid drought, so the bananas in the growth and development of large water requirements.

Generally believed that in the garden soil must maintain a banana always appropriate humidity, and the demand of water in the long banana years, and the best is up to 1800 ~ 2500mm annual rainfall and rainfall evenly distributed on the best of each month for 150 ~ 200MM rainfall, and should not be less than the minimum of 100mm of rainfall. Southern rainfall areas of the common banana bananas to meet the needs of the water. However, the southern region of the dry autumn and banana drought, but the results affect the growth of bananas. Turned that affect the yield of the number and great variety, not the teeth incense drought-tolerant banana, banana production in Aralia damage compared with a banana and pink large, banana, banana, and the types of teeth Kong with a high dry dwarf species loss from drought, yield less. Can not be considered above-mentioned more water on the banana, the better. In fact, the system of banana root of the root flesh and gas well to avoid waterlogging, such as soil moisture content is too high, and the percentage of soil moisture of the gap is there, and make the system of banana root and stunting due to lack of oxygen, or the mold until the root of this phenomenon. Particularly in the banana groves Shoulao issue for too long, and often lead to death as a result of plant roots to die. According to Li Fengnian observed in 1989 in Zhongshan, in the banana fields in all parts of the sea after Hurricane Park from 0.72 to 144 hours after the flood, and most garden plants, banana leaves turn yellow first, followed by plant death.

Clear from the southern area of ​​water management of banana is very important. The rainy season in time for the discharge of water, reducing water park table bananas, try to avoid waterlogging and flood risk. Drought or dry season irrigation and should be in time to avoid the bananas in the growing season, water shortages occur, the only way to ensure the natural growth of a banana.

Three wind

South wind damage threat to the development of bananas, it is important on an equal footing with one of the two disasters of major natural frost. Banana stem as thick, dry and crisp quality, easy to fold large leaves and the roots are shallow and clear, and the long-ear heavy, and subject to very strong winds, and storm damage. When wind speed exceeds 20 m can be / sec, banana leaves tear, break necks, which affects the process of photosynthesis and vulnerable spot plant bananas; banana trees severe shaking, and will damage the overall root; banana trees in the bud when shaken if the result of a very large the cuts. Can be blown by the hurricane a greater impact down banana plants, bananas, broken body, or even the entire plant can be uprooted; such as pumping stations bud coincides with the flowering period of fruit development, the loss is more devastating.

Most of the focus area in the south coastal region, due to typhoons, mainly concentrated in the banana period of rapid growth and development. Every May to October is hurricane season often occurs. Guangdong, western Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta cities and counties, and Lingshui Hainan, Sanya, Qiongshan and other cities and provinces, and Guangxi Qinzhou, Fangcheng, Hepu other provinces are vulnerable to hurricane damage, which should be very careful. But the temperature breeze modify, and enhance gas exchange, and the growth of the banana is very suitable.

4, and soil

Banana growing not only in the field, but also in the hills and plateaus and upland agriculture, and have found that the banana can be adapted to many types of soil. However, the root is a gas banana root fat is good, and these roots absorb young people break through the soil is weak, with a banana, and the rapid growth and significant growth, and more demand for fertilizers, and that attention must be paid for the construction of a garden choose good soil. Should be suitable for the growth and development of the banana good soil physical and chemical properties. Permeability of the soil to be loose, rich in organic matter content and mineral content of the nutrients; the thickness of the top layer of 80cm ~ 60. The water table is less than 100cm. Class comfort irrigation; soil pH should be between 4.5 and 7.5, the optimal pH value of 5.5 ~ 6.5 pH values, and below 5.5, wilting banana trees susceptible to disease.

From the experience of bananas planted in southern China, and should be banana-growing selection of soil loose and fertile, and the top, and enough deep moisture, good drainage and water below the table light clay loam sandy loam, especially in alluvial placer or alluvial humus is the most suitable; where the soil surface shallow, 35cm High in the ground a gray black sticky soft, or iron rust flowing from the banana-growing negative local, and to instill the need to improve the soil, and use on the slopes of hills or mountains to build the parks, although the depth of the Supreme, but the soil thin barren, the content of low material membership, and the ability to retain water and nutrients and poor, acidic soils. It should be noted that the compost to improve soil deep tillage, increased application. Should also be done to prevent soil erosion and drought, water, etc., are selected for the construction of the south or south-east of the park, such as plants for the environment, and open airy or natural water park built better.

Third, the most important items and properties

Banana Musa, Musa genus, generic real bananas. Eat bananas bananas (bananas Gan) is known. In fact, there are two types of banana food, including bananas, fresh first, second and cooking bananas. Including fresh banana, banana, banana, banana powder, banana, and the types of Aralia 4. By bananas (bananas teeth Kong), the type grown on a large scale, good economic returns, Zhang Gu banana bananas as food collectively.

Long-stem banana food types from the original paper by wild bananas and bananas. Offers a wide variety of food banana banana leaves are almost always from the tip of the long-term artificial selection, or a hybrid between strains of natural or mixed natural long-stemmed banana, and then through artificial propagation and selection of the resulting. Banana leaves are usually genome wild species in its name and the first character to indicate a multiplier for the partnership agreement; long leg of the banana genome with B name the first letter of representation, as their diploid BB. Formed by the tetraploid, triploid, and what can be so that if the AAA, AAB, AABB, and so on.

(A) and main types of bananas

According to the morphological characteristics of banana plants, especially the color of the necks and legs, and false personalities fruit ditch bad habits will be broken teeth in Hong fresh bananas, banana (banana), banana, banana powder, banana, and four species of Aralia.

1. Hong banana type teeth (AAA group), also known as dental Hua Hong banana banana banana short, as China is now the largest area of ​​cultivated varieties. Leave the stems with dark brown patches of green and yellow. Broader leaves large, sharp party, necks short, petiole open groove, wing paper, the margin paper outside, stems symmetrical leaf and fruit hair axis, a curve on the shape of a crescent, and the edge of shallow, and the edges and corners of the mature and peel the yellow and green for, a thick yellow rind of the fruit, mesocarp and the crust can be easily separated;; small and round, almost flat yellowish-white flesh, and the quality of a silky, sweet taste, flavor-rich, not the seed, and good quality. Hong teeth banana crop is generally 15 ~ 30Kg, and rising up to 70Kg ~ 60. According to the high false teeth Kong banana stem and fruit characteristics of different personalities, divided into high and medium-sized teeth and a short three types of bananas fragrant.

2. Type plantains (ABB group) plantains in northern China, also known as plantains. Tall, dense vegetation, and the potential for strong, prosperous crude, fake yellow or dark green stems and green tape, any black spots brown. Leaves large and thick, dark green leafy and often shiny, and tip sheets more specifically, stop and paper heart-shaped asymmetrical, the dorsal and sheath accurate disclosure or non-white powder, white, long petiole groove closed, non-leaf wings; axis of the fruit without the hair, and the largest fruit. If the body straight, angular and clear; skin thick and tough, and light yellow on the skin yellow when mature, the rind of fruit mesocarp easily separated; meat, apricots, fleshy thick yellow slippery, with a sweet acid slightly, no smell, and seeds in some cases. To adapt to the soil, and strong resistance to wind, drought, cold and strong resistance to insect pests. Banana crop in the plant is 8 ~ 20Kg in general, and bananas a longer growth period than half of the teeth Kong for a period of 1 month, according to the stem can be divided into high, medium banana and short type.

3. Pink banana type (ABB group) powder with different names on bananas, said the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong Province, incense silt, Hainan bananas called glutinous rice, eggs, bananas.

Pink banana plants tall, stout stem yellowish green and no less fake brown spots black. Leaves narrow, thin, pale green, and slightly pointed tip, heart-shaped paper stem symmetry. Petiole long, leaves no wings closed, and the necks and legs wrapped in white powder, on the edge of the red lines, and hair shaft fruit, fruit, slightly curved, and a leg short, fruit and fruit round the body, almost flat body is short, and the skin thin pale yellow when ripe; white flesh, smooth, meaty, less meat, and the real juice, taste sweet and slightly fragrant. Pink banana crop is generally 10 ~ 20Kg, resulting in up to 30Kg ~ 25. The ability to adapt to the soil and flexibility after plantains, but susceptible to Panama disease, bananas harlequin larvae vulnerable to damage as well. Etc. fall into this category, and Sai Fu.

4. Aralia type banana (AAB group) banana plants Aralia, false thin light yellow and green stems. With purple spots. Leaves long and narrow, and leaves a thin, light green, and stop the petiole Fi white powder was false, and a half half-closed petiole trenches are open, and the base paper is asymmetrical ears, such as; bud purple surface, fi white powder; fruit axis of the hair, and fruit or in the form of a straight curved little, round fruit, almost flat body obesity, the average growth and maturity thin skin golden brown, longitudinal peel easily, white meat, and meat is soft, with sweet flavor, a little acid is unique, of good quality. Aralia banana crop is generally 10 ~ 20Kg and cold tolerance slightly stronger than teeth Kong bananas, but susceptible to Panama disease and vulnerable harlequin larvae, weevil damage. Wind and shower of the poor, not to store fruit and transport.

IV, and nutritional value

Fruit bananas only for consumption of fresh fruit, but also for processing and can be made such as bananas mature flour banana, used for making cakes and bread, and can be brewed fruit by fermentation or extract alcohol wine bananas, can be processed mature canning fruits, preserved, dried banana , fruit juices and flavorings. False banana stems, suckers, sprouts are rich in nutrients, is a good feed for pigs. False stem and leaves are rich in cellulose, can make the rope, woven fabric and paper; false stem juice can be extracted from the type of fixative and preservative, dye, false stem high alkali content of the ash can be used soda water. False chopped stems, leaves with high levels of potassium, and return to the field and increased soil organic matter and the role of loose soil, but also increase the potassium in the soil.

Bananas are the fruit of a high-calorie, according to the analysis in the pulp 100G amounted to 378 joule of heat. Bananas are also in some tropical regions, where the main food. High nutritional value of banana pulp, and carbohydrates in the pulp 20G 100G, 1.2g protein, fat 0.6g; also contains trace elements and vitamins. Vitamin A can promote growth, enhance resistance to disease, to preserve the fertility of natural and vision necessary; thiamine resistant beriberi disease, stimulates appetite and digestion and protect the nervous system; riboflavin can encourage the body's natural growth and development.